CALVIN AND THE SABBATH
The Sabbath has been the most contentious amongst Bible-believers of all the Ten Commandments. There are a number of views:
(a) the antinomian view, which says that grace abolishes all law;
(b) the Seventh Day Adventist view which retains the Saturday Sabbath into the new covenant;
(c) the dominical view, which says that the Lord's Day is not dependent upon the fourth commandment. Some here would consider Sunday to be special in commemorating the beginning of the new creation, while others would say that Christians could meet together on any day of the week;
(d) the Sabbath on Sunday approach of the Westminster Confession of Faith.
Thomas Aquinas has written that 'The Sabbath has been changed to the Lord's Day, as festivals of the new law replace other festivals of the old.'[1] The Judgment of Clement in the 8th century forbade shaving or washing the head on the Sunday. The person who offended a third time was labelled a Judas. Against that kind of approach, Calvin warned that 'Christians ought therefore to shun completely the superstitious observance of days.'[2]
Theodore Beza says that Calvin determined that there should be no other feast-days except one in seven, which we call the Lord's day. It might be truer to say that he only tolerated feast days like Christmas.
Calvin was been portrayed as a Sabbatarian, and as one who opposed Sabbatarianism. A. Pieters in 1941 asserted that Calvin taught the abrogation of the fourth commandment, while A. Lincoln and Richard Bauckham claimed that the Reformers did not really break with scholastic Sabbatarianism. Abraham Kuyper complicates matters by asserting that Calvin is more liberal in the Institutes than he is in his commentary on Genesis - an interpretation that has been repeated down through the ages.[3] Richard Gaffin is correct in seeing no development in Calvin's views of the Sabbath.[4] Gaffin is also correct in pointing out that while Calvin spoke of the abrogation of the Sabbath, he also spoke of its continuance to the end of the world.[5]
The law retained.
As is well-known Calvin did not abolish the moral law, and taught its threefold use (to convince of sin, to restrain sin, and to provide guidelines for living the Christian life). 'Certain ignorant persons,' he complained, 'rashly cast out the whole of Moses, and bid farewell to the two Tables of the Law.'[6] Hence, for example, in Calvin's view, Psalm 1:2 is 'applicable to every age, even to the end of the world.'
The Sabbath - retained or abolished?
Calvin saw the Sabbath as a creation ordinance, and so wrote on Exodus 20:8-11, 'In this respect we have an equal necessity for the Sabbath with the ancient people'. Because of Exodus 16, he regarded it as 'not credible' that the patriarchs did not know the Sabbath. On Genesis 2:1-3 Calvin had said that 'this institution has been given not to a single century or people, but to the entire human race.' In his sermons on Deuteronomy, which were preached in 1555, Calvin pointed out that 'he [God] was not content to command men to rest, but he showed the way. For after having created the world and all that it contains, he rested, not because he had to, or was in need of rest. Rather, its purpose was to invite us to contemplate his works that we might concentrate on them and nevertheless conform ourselves to him.'[7]
As early as the 1536 edition of the Institutes, Calvin said that the ceremonial aspect of the Sabbath was abolished. In his sermons on Deuteronomy, Calvin declared that 'the Sabbath day was a shadow under the law until the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ to represent that God requires men to rest from all their works … But now that Christ has been given to us, it is no longer necessary for us to be limited by these obscurities.' However, he immediately adds: 'It is true that the law is not altogether abolished, as it does not fail to retain the substance and truth for us, but the obscurity has been abolished with the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ.'[8]
The shadow of the law has been fulfilled - Calvin thought that Colossians 2:20 referred to the abolition of the ceremonial aspect of the Sabbath - but 'we must not imagine that what Moses has recounted concerning the Sabbath day is superfluous to us'.[9] He pointed to Hebrews 4 to show this.
Commenting on Matthew 12:1-8, and Christ's being Lord of the Sabbath, Calvin said that 'the full time for its abolition was not yet come, because the veil of the temple was not yet rent.' He appears here to mean Sabbath as Saturday, because on Luke 4:16 he wrote that 'the Jewish Sabbath was succeeded by the Lord's Day.' In his sermons on Deuteronomy, he said: 'But in order to demonstrate the liberty of Christians, the day has been changed, seeing that Jesus Christ in his resurrection has delivered us from all bondage of the law and has severed that obligation.'[10]
However, where one might have expected specific comments, they are often not there. For example, on Romans 14:5-6 Calvin does not mention the Sabbath or the Lord's Day. And for Galatians 4:9-10 and Colossians 2:16-17 he simply says that 'The observance of days among us is a free service, and void of all superstition.' He never pushed the Sunday issue very hard: 'we ought to observe this order of having some day of the week, whether one or two. But all of that can be left up to the liberty of Christians.'[11]
A day of spiritual rest.
Spiritual rest is said to begin in this life, and to be perfected in the life to come. It was from this perspective that he explained Exodus 31:13-17, 'God deemed an apparently light transgression of it worthy of death.' He did the same with Numbers 15:32-36, and explained 'keeping your foot from breaking the Sabbath' (Isa. 58:13-14) to refer not to Sabbath journeys but one's walk or way of life. In Jeremiah 17:21-27 he portrayed the Sabbath as a symbol of sanctification, while on Ezekiel 20:12-20 he even called the Sabbath 'a sacrament of regeneration'.
In his sermons on Deuteronomy, Calvin has God call the Sabbath 'the mark of my sanctification'.[12] It is 'like a sign for representing what in fact has been accomplished by the coming of our Lord Jesus Christ.'[13] In a real sense, God is commanding a perpetual rest.[14]
Calvin asserted that the Sabbath was not designed for all the world but 'only to the people whom he adopted and chose to be his heritage.' It thus separated the people of God from the people of the world. Having said that, he favoured laws which uphold it, because otherwise God's people would be led astray.[15] In the same way he argued against tolerating the papists so that they could be allowed a mass in Geneva.[16] This does not contradict what Calvin said when commenting from Genesis 2:1-3 on the Sabbath as a creation ordinance.
The Sabbath thus continued under the gospel: 'Now, although the ceremony has been abolished, nevertheless the truth remains, because Christ died and rose again, so that we have a continual Sabbath; that is we are released from our works, that the Spirit of God may work mightily in us.'[17] 'Thus,' said Calvin, 'let us pursue this theme of celebrating the spiritual rest of God, because we shall not come to its end until the end of our life.'[18]
Jonathan Edwards claimed that this would make the Sabbath a summary of all the commandments.[19] Gaffin too thinks that the Sabbath is a 'thoroughly inappropriate' sacrament of the new covenant.[20] Against Edwards, that might precisely be Calvin's point. Noting the death sentence for Sabbath-breaking, Calvin preached: 'It seems that God has singled out a frivolous and puerile thing, but he knows what this day of rest means.'[21]
A day for worship and meditation.
Calvin saw the ideal as meeting daily for worship. Therefore, the Sabbath was an accommodation on God's part. Hence the Lord's Day was 'for the church to gather for prayers and praises of God, for hearing the Word, for the use of the sacraments.' In this sense, 'it applies as much to us as to the ancient people'.[22]
The command is thus anchored in the Fall. 'If we were as ardent in the service of God as we should be, it would not have been necessary to ordain one day of the week, for without a written law each would have assembled himself morning and evening in order that we might have become increasingly edified in the Word of God.'[23] Calvin feared that if Sunday were misused, the rest of the week would also be degraded.[24] He said that 'because of men's coarseness and because of their nonchalance, it is necessary to have a special day which should be totally dedicated to that end.'[25]
A day of physical rest.
Calvin did not see this as the centre of the commandment, but as an accessory: 'God did not command men simply to keep holiday every seventh day, as if he delighted in their indolence'.[26] Indeed, God does not command us to work, for 'it is contrary to our nature to be like a block of useless wood.'[27] J. H. Primus even writes: 'Nowhere in his view of the Sabbath does Calvin suggest that the intent of the Sabbath has anything to do with man's need for physical rest.'[28]
That is overstated. Calvin preached against work, travel and recreation on Sundays. He saw the Sabbath as something that God commanded not only for a spiritual order but also for charity's sake. The Jews were told to remember that they had once been slaves in Egypt. Therefore, God 'resolved to give a day of rest to servants and those who are under the authority of others, in order that they should have some respite from toil.'[29]
John T. McNeill repeats the story that John Knox once found Calvin playing bowls on a Sunday.[30] Yet Calvin warned: 'If we turn Sunday into a day for living it up, for our sport and pleasure, indeed how will God be honoured in that?'[31]
Summary
Richard Gaffin thinks that Calvin failed to grasp the creation Sabbath, as opposed to redemption.[32] It points to the future perfection - the psychical creation becomes the Pneumatic re-creation, as in 1 Corinthians 15:44-49. In Gaffin's evaluation: 'Rest, more than anything else, reflects the permanence and perfection of the Pneumatic state.'[33]
In Primus' view, Calvin's theology is not Sabbatarian, but in his ethics he would be quite comfortable with many of the Puritan emphases.[34] In other words, his theology is not absolutely identical with that of the Puritans, but there is a practical Sabbatarianism in Calvin that is quite close to that of his seventeenth century successors. R. J. Bauckham tends to agree with this view.[35]
The ceremonial aspect of the Jewish holy day was certainly abolished. Calvin was wary of simply instituting a 'Christianised' form of the old Sabbath, and at times seems not overly concerned with upholding Sunday as such, but he urged from Isaiah 58:13-14 that 'Christ died and rose again, so that we have a continual sabbath'.
To cite Augustine of Hippo at the end of his Confessions: 'O Lord God, grant us peace, for all that we have is your gift. Grant us the peace of repose, the peace of the Sabbath, the peace which has no evening. For this worldly order in all its beauty will pass away.' (XIII,35) Barth called this 'Sabbath mysticism', and there is a strand of it in Calvin. In the end, however, Calvin's main emphasis is more on sanctification in this life rather than the eschatological Sabbath rest as the spiritual meaning of the commandment.[36]
Reading List
John Calvin, Sermons on the Ten Commandments, ed. and trans by B. W.
Farley, Michigan: Baker, 1980 (taken from Calvin's sermons on Deuteronomy, which have been separately republished by the Banner of Truth, 1987).
Richard Gaffin, Calvin and the Sabbath, Fearn: Mentor, 1998.
John H. Primus, 'Calvin and the Puritan Sabbath' in D. E. Holwerda (ed),
Exploring the Heritage of John Calvin, Michigan: Baker, 1976.
R. J. Bauckham, 'Sabbath and Sunday in the Protestant Tradition' in D. A.
Carson (ed), From Sabbath to Lord's Day, Michigan: Zondervan, 1982.
[1] Gaffin, p.16.
[2] Gaffin, p.35.
[3] e.g. Primus, pp.58-59; Bauckham, p.336.
[4] Gaffin, pp.56-7.
[5] Gaffin, p.77.
[6] Gaffin, p.46.
[7] Deut. Sermons, p.104 (slightly altered).
[8] Deut. Sermons, p.98.
[9] Deut. Sermons, pp.101, 102-3.
[10] Deut. Sermons, p.111.
[11] Deut. Sermons, p.111.
[12] Deut. Sermons, p.98.
[13] Deut. Sermons, p.100.
[14] Deut. Sermons, p.106.
[15] Deut. Sermons, pp.129, 131.
[16] Deut. Sermons, p.130.
[17] Gaffin, p.91.
[18] Deut. Sermons, p.107.
[19] Gaffin, p.145.
[20] Gaffin, p.162.
[21] Deut. Sermons, p.104.
[22] Deut. Sermons, p.108.
[23] Deut. Sermons, p.108.
[24] Deut. Sermons, p.110.
[25] Deut. Sermons, p.111.
[26] Gaffin, p.74.
[27] Deut. Sermons, p.116.
[28] John H. Primus, 'Calvin and the Puritan Sabbath' in D. E. Holwerda (ed), Exploring the Heritage of John Calvin, Michigan: Baker, 1976, p.71.
[29] Institutes, II.8.28.
[30] J. T. McNeill, The History and Character of Calvinism, London: Oxford University Press, 1973, p.233.
[31] Deut. Sermons, p.10.
[32] Gaffin, p.146.
[33] Gaffin, p.157.
[34] Primus in Holwerda, p.75.
[35] Bauckham in Carson (ed), p.317.
[36] R. J. Bauckham, 'Sabbath and Sunday in the Protestant Tradition' in D. A. Carson (ed), From Sabbath to Lord's Day, Michigan: Zondervan, 1982, p.316.